Grumman F9F-8 Cougar Model

1. Introduction

1.1. Aircraft

Grumman F9F-8 Cougar

Carrier-based fighter / fighter-bomber (information in Wikipedia)

U.S. Navy. BuNo 141123 / E208. VF-61 squadron.

USS Intrepid (CV-11), at sea, 1956.

1.2. Story

An F9F-8 Cougar jet of Fighter Squadron 61 aboard the USS Intrepid is on the carrier's catapult, ready to be launched on a routine training mission.

1.3. Model Kit

F9F-8 Cougar from Hasegawa (kit # 01619), 1:72 scale.

2. Kit Overview

The kit is very old (reportedly first tooled by Hasegawa in 1978) but surprisingly accurate for its age. The quality of moulds and the overall geometry are very good. The list of noticeable inaccuracies (the ones that must be corrected) is not very long; it includes main wheels; speed brake panels; aft end of the horizontal stabilizer fairing; IFR probe tip. Also, the layout of parts does not allow, without some surgery work, to build an early variant – the one without the intake splitter plates.

As it is typical with Hasegawa, there isn't much either in the cockpit or inside the wheel wells. A number of small details found on a real F9F-8 are missing too, but that is to be expected for a kit this old.

3. Construction

3.1. Building

This is the list of enhancements that I have added to what was in the box:

 1) Various fuselage inlets and vents were cut out (indents plus dark wash would not suffice to realistically imitate these, in my view). One incorrect inlet (fuselage rear, bottom right side) was filled. A couple of bulging inlets were also added.

 2) Some plastic surgery had to be done to the engine intake channels and fuselage sides in order to represent an early Cougar without the intake splitter plates.

 3) An excellent aftermarket cockpit set was installed (set # 7205 by the Czech firm CMR), comprising resin and photo-etched parts to give adequate cockpit and under-canopy detail.

 4) The tail end of the fairing of the horizontal stabilizer must be made taller – and slimmer – than it is on the kit (o → 0).

 5) My Cougar was to be presented as ready to be launched – on a catapult, with its engine running. Therefore, the two pairs of auxiliary air intake doors on the upper fuselage had to be shown open. It also meant that at least a sketch of the interior visible through these doors had to be modelled (which, in the end, has turned out to be nearly invisible).

 6) On a Cougar before launch, both the outboard and the inboard flaps are lowered (a photographic proof: link). The cutting-out of the outer flaps was a relatively straightforward operation.

 7) For the lowered inboard flaps, the respectively revealed interior had to be scratch-built.

 8) The kit's main landing gear wells are too shallow. They had to be deepened for accuracy, and a sketch of interior was also added.

 9) Nose landing gear leg was entirely scratch-built, and the main landing gear legs were enhanced with some minor details (brake lines, tie-down rings).

 10) Correct landing gear wheels were taken from a resin set #7291 manufactured by Aires.

 11) Landing gear doors had to be scratch-built from thin plastic, as the respective kit parts are too thick.

 12) Custom-made photo-etched speed brake panels replaced the kit's inaccurate plastic items. The speed brakes are of course closed, as it should be on an operational, stationary Cougar in normal conditions.

 13) Scratch-built tail skid was added. Note that it is normally extended on a stationary Cougar.

 14) Wingtips were detailed with small round ram-air inlets (leading edge) and fuel vent outlets (trailing edge).

 15) Multiple other tiny items were scratch-built and installed: a) intricately shaped barrier guard; b) gun barrels; c) IFR probe tip; d) Pitot tube; e) catapult bridle hook and catapult holdback ring; f) tailhook; g) fuel drain pipe.

 16) As usual, external lights required much work – in the 1:72 scale the kit manufacturers typically ignore this aspect. For the Cougar, the following has to be done:

  a) clear white dorsal navigation light, teardrop shaped;

  b) opaque white and orange tail navigation lights, round;

  c) carrier approach lights cluster – port wing root only

  d) navigation lights – red and green coloured lamps inside clear wingtip caps;

  e) navigation lights – red and green teardrop shapes on wing upper sides;

  f) circular blue formation lights – wing undersides.

For amusement's sake, I counted all the bits that went into my model. The grand total is 195, 19 parts are from the Hasegawa kit, 30 parts are from aftermarket sets, and the remaining 146 pieces were scratch-made (using plastic, metal wire and metal foil).

3.2. Painting & Markings

The aircraft wears the standard U.S.Navy Light Gull Grey over Insignia White camouflage scheme of the period. Miscellaneous markings are done in accordance with historical photographs and comprise:

 - Aluminum-colored leading edges of the wing, the horizontal stabilizer and the tail fin.

 - Black anti-glare panel in front of the canopy.

 - Insignia Red intake lips and flap wells interior.

 - Grey wing walkways (a shade darker than Light Gull Grey, yet not as dark as Dark Gull Gray) with black outlines.

 - Bare metal jet exhaust pipe.

Also note the following peculiar aspects:

 - The horizontal stabilizer was painted Insignia White overall, and not just the elevators.

 - A separate wing trimmer tab was present only on the left wing and was painted Insignia White.

 - Black bands on speed brake panels.

 - Operational F9F-8 fighters did not have the landing gear door edges painted Insignia Red (this practice was only introduced in 1959).

The decal that comes inside the box is typical for "classic" Hasegawa kits: extra thick layer, white color printed as cream, plus some cracking due to old age. And in any case it doesn't cover the variant that I wanted – a VF-61 grey & white bird (the Hasegawa's decal is for a dark blue aircraft).

Therefore I had to use an aftermarket decal: it came from a multi-subject set #CTA-006 ("Jolly Rogers Timeline") produced by a small vendor named Cut then Add. In this set, the items intended for the F9F-8 are usable, although with a couple of issues. Firstly, the designer of this decal makes the same – unreasonable – premise as Hasegawa has done: that the decals intended to represent the yellow parts of the trim can cover such complex, curved shapes as the nose cone, the wing tips or the stabilizer fairing. That they definitely cannot. Therefore for the yellow trim you must use paint, and the decal will facilitate the thin black outline only (which is impossible to paint). Unfortunately, the thin black outline intended for the nose cone is incorrect (too small), and here I had to improvise with a piece of self-printed decal.

The national insignia decals came from a generic sheet produced by Techmod, as the blue on the CtA decal is too light.

3.3. Presentation

<to be detailed later>

4. Reference Data

[1] General information on the Grumman Cougar in Wikipedia: link

[2] F9F Cougar in Detail & Scale | In Detail & Scale Series # 16 | Aero Publishers Inc., 1983.

[3] Grumman F9F-6/7/8 Cougar | Naval Fighters Series # 66 | Ginter Books, 2005.

[4] Navy & Marine Fleet Single-Seat F9F Cougar Squadrons | Naval Fighters Series # 69 | Ginter Books, 2006.

5. Notes

5.1. Many modellers equip their Cougars with 4 Sidewinder missiles and 2 external fuel tanks – obviously, because this is what the kit manufactures are suggesting in their instruction sheets, and also because many model builders enjoy loading their creations with as many weapons as possible.

Yet there is no photographic proof that such load was actually carried by operational F9F-8 Cougars.

I have counted all photographs of operational F9F-8 Cougar fighters that I was able to find (from books like Naval Fighters, Squadron/Signal, In Detail & Scale and various online galleries): there are slightly more than 300, and only 1 photograph shows an operational Cougar with Sidewinder missiles (with just two AIM-9Bs, in fact). And no, this is not because the set of available photographs is not a representative one. This is because an operational Cougar with Sidewinder missiles was indeed a rarity.

The fact that aircraft type "A" was technically capable of carrying weapon (or, more broadly, external stores) load "W" does not automatically mean that this aircraft type "A", while serving with squadron "S" during time period "T", was in fact carrying this weapon load "W".

There are such things as: a) logistics (actual availability of particular weapons / stores); b) requisite training of personnel; c) specific tasks set for a particular unit (squadron).

The first operational AIM-9B missiles were received by the operational squadrons of the U.S.Navy in mid-1956. By that time the F9F-8 variant was not very old – it has entered squadron service in late 1954. But it must be remembered that from the point of view of the Navy's top brass, the Cougar as a type was an interim solution. It was only in service because the other fighter projects – the F7U Cutlass, F3H Demon and F4D Skyray – have been much delayed. The year 1954 saw the entry into service of the F7U-3M Cutlass, and the 1956 – of the FJ-3M Fury, F3H-2 Demon and F4D-1 Skyray. The Cutlass is outside our area of interest here, as it was only capable of carrying the Sparrow I missile, but the other three types were envisaged as missile fighters equipped with the Sidewinder (and also the Sparrow, in the Demon's case). The squadrons "coming online" with these new types waited for the missile, and its production, initiated only recently, could not obviously satisfy all units at once.

By that time, the F9F-8 was already perceived as a multi-role plane, with more emphasis put on its light attack capability. So by 1956 the F9F-8, while still in service with many squadrons, was already slated for replacement – either with the new types of fighters already mentioned, or with the new types of light attack planes, such as the FJ-4B Fury and the A4D-1 Skyhawk. After all, within each USN Carrier Wing there could only be a limited number of squadrons, because an aircraft carrier could only embark a given number of planes.

Thus, there was very little sense, at that point, to allocate the time and the resources (in particular, for respective personnel training) required to actually broaden the mission of each of the existing Cougar squadrons with that of a missile-fighter, even if the production tempo of the missiles was able to support this growth.

So the bottom line is this: it is most probable that very, very few of the operational squadrons flying the F9F-8 Cougar have ever received the Sidewinder. And it is most improbable that the VF-61 'Jolly Rogers' squadron – the one beloved by scale modellers, – which only flew the F9F-8 variant for a few months (between January and September 1956), has seen the Sidewinder missiles at all.

5.2. It is very sad to observe the decline of Hasegawa as a designer and manufacturer of aircraft model kits. Once, Hasegawa was a byword for quality and finesse among scale modellers. Their aircraft kits were prized, and many have held the distinction of being "the very best of" a given subject for years.

And now? Quality is still present in their kits, but there does not seem to be any progress. There is no innovation: their latest kits do not offer any visible improvement in terms of detail, finesse and engineering over those dating from the 1980s and the 1990s. Other manufacturers (from such diverse countries as Czechia, Poland, UK, PRC, Ukraine) are now way ahead of Hasegawa.

And what does Hasegawa actually produce these days? The last of their really new (new-tool) aircraft model kits was released in 2017 – that was the 1/72 Kawanishi H8K2. Their monthly news are filled with old aircraft and car models first issued decades ago and being re-boxed with new decals, plus some fantasy contraptions ("anime", apparently?), plus figurines of half-naked women.

Information from the well-known scale modelling database site Scalemates indicates that since 2020 Hasegawa has released nearly 150 new-tool items, from which there are 0 aircraft kits, 0 ships, 14 cars, and >95 figures of women. Judging by this, Hasegawa is hardly a manufacturer of scale model kits anymore. Rather, their main focus appears to be on producing female figurines. A downfall, in my opinion.

5.3. I wonder whether, in this age, anyone still actually reads the kits' instruction sheets...

The instruction for this particular kit contains some truly bizarre statements. The tiny text of no more than ten lines claims that the Cougar was "the first swept wing fighter in the world to actually participate in air combat", was "supersonic" and was "the most formidable of all carrier-based aircraft in the world at the time".

Whatever the age of the model kit, there is no excuses to propagate such nonsense. The first swept-wing fighters to see combat were of course the German Me 163 and Me 262 of the WWII fame. The Grumman Cougar fighter saw no combat use, and neither was it supersonic.

As for being "the most formidable"... This could be said to be true only if you consider an extremely narrow time band – between 1953 and 1955. Within this short period, the Cougar was probably a better performer than the other in-service carrier-based fighters, such as the F9F-5 Panther, F2H-3 Banshee, the British Sea Vampire, Sea Venom and Sea Hawk. Afterwards, more capable carrier planes began to enter service with the U.S.Navy, and very soon they completely superseded the Cougar in the fighter and fighter-bomber roles. But if the field of view is widened by removing the carrier-based restriction, then we see that there was nothing particularly "formidable" in the Cougar at all: it was a perfectly ordinary day-only light fighter / fighter-bomber, on par with its contemporaries such as the British Hawker Hunter, the French Dassault Mystère IV and the Soviet MiG-17. The Cougar was only employed in significant numbers as a fighter because the other fighters of the U.S.Navy – those that have been designed to be a bit more formidable, such as the F7U Cutlass, F3H Demon and F4D Skyray – were handicapped or delayed (due to problems with the engine manufacturer Westinghouse, whose supposedly super-powerful engine has turned out to be a complete and utter failure).

Kaman UH-2A Seasprite Model

1. Introduction
1.1. Aircraft
Kaman UH-2A Seasprite
Rescue and utility shipboard helicopter (information in Wikipedia)
U.S. Navy. BuNo 149778 / HU05. HU-2 squadron.
USS Forrestal (CV-59), at sea, 1964.

1.2. Story
A UH-2A Seaprite of Utility Squadron 2 aboard the USS Forrestal supercarrier is being prepared for a routine "plane guard" mission. Flight deck crewmen begin to unfold the main rotor blades. An NC-1A mobile electrical power unit is standing by to start the Seasprite's engine later on.

1.3. Model Kit
UH-2A Seasprite from ClearProp (kit # 72002), 1:72 scale.

2. Kit Overview
The ClearProp team deserves immense praise for tackling a subject not previously "kitted" in any scale, presumably with rather limited reference material, and for bringing us a model with very good overall accuracy and commendable level of detail out-of-the-box.
Features like full cockpit interior, cabin doors presented as separate parts, well-detailed rotor heads and landing gear are noteworthy.
The quality of molding is generally good, yet the plastic is not without some glitches such as visible seam lines and slight misalignment of halves.
There are some accuracy issues, all relatively minor:
- The assortment of various antennas (bulges, blades, etc.) on the fuselage bottom is not entirely correct for the UH-2A/B variant.
- The blue of the U.S. national insignia is not accurate on the decal – it is too light.
- Incorrect or insufficient recommendations on painting / colors are given in the instruction booklet (I will address this in section 3.2 of my article).

3. Construction
3.1. Building

This is the list of enhancements that I have made to what was in the box.
Firstly, we have to address a number of minor inaccuracies of the kit:
 1) The suit of antennas (bulges, raised panels, blades) on the fuselage bottom was corrected in accordance with historical photographs (such as this). I have sketched the correct configuration on a diagram given below.
 2) Excessively sharp creases were smoothed on the landing gear forward fairings and along some bulges of the engine compartment.
 3) Some spurious raised lines were removed from the left side of the aft fuselage.

Secondly, to get an accurately looking model you have to add a number of details – either simply too small to be molded in plastic, or just omitted in the kit:
 4) The cabin interior is good out of the box, yet the webbed seats must be thinned and the area below the instrument panel needs more detailing as it is clearly visible through the lower cabin windows.
 5) Several fuselage inlets and vents were cut out, with fine grilles placed over the openings where appropriate. Note that on the tail rotor shaft fairing the grilles must be vertical and not horizontal, as molded in the kit's plastic.
 6) Some improvements had to be made to the landing gear wells to mask the excessively visible seams between the plastic parts that comprise the wells.
 7) Brake lines were imitated on the main landing gear legs.
 8) Fuel lines were added, connecting the fuel tank pylons to the fuselage.
 9) Clearly seen gaps were ensured between the main rotor blades and their respective blade flaps, as it should be on a real Seasprite.
 10) As usual, external lights required considerable attention. These included the following:
   a) clear white navigation light and red anti-collision light on the tail rotor pylon fairing;
   b) ventral anti-collision light, clear red;
   c) a collection of four circular landing lights and floodlights in the lower forward fuselage, all clear white;
   d) clear red and green navigation lights, teardrop shapes on small pedestals each side of the engine compartment.
 11) Wire aerial was imitated. Normally it was stretched between the aft fuselage and the left horizontal stabilizer tip, but when the rotor blades were folded and their support rods were installed, it was apparently unhooked and hung along the fuselage side.

Finally, a fair amount of work was required to get the configuration that I wanted to have:
 12) The early Seasprite's retractable rescue hoist is a unique feature, so I wanted to showcase it – by scratchbuilding the hoist in the deployed position, obviously. This necessitated the scratchbuilding of the interior that is left visible by the opened rescue hoist hatch, and that required way more work than the hoist itself.
 13) As I intended to present my helicopter as being parked on the flight deck, the main rotor blades had to be folded, and required rotor blade support struts had to be scratchbuilt and attached.
 14) The Seasprite's main rotor blades are folded and unfolded manually, and the groundcrew need access to the rotor head while doing so. To facilitate this, the engine bay side panels open as platforms. And one of these panels, on the left side, I wanted to showcase as open and ready for the rotor unfolding procedure. Which inevitable meant that I had to scratchbuild the interior, including a part of the turbine and respective driveshafts.

3.2. Painting & Markings
As a prototype for my model I wanted a colorful Seasprite – with bright Red Orange hi-viz markings – covered by at least one good and clear historical photograph, and therefore I selected the BuNo 149778  assigned to the HU-2 in 1964. Here's the photo: link.

Here are some guidelines applicable to the Engine Grey-camouflaged single-engine Seasprites:
 - Interior: light bluish gray (most probably Light Ghost Gray); instrument panel: black; pilot seat cushions: orange-red; cabin webbed seats: khaki or light gray.
 - Top cabin windows: clear green.
 - Fuselage: Engine Grey (FS16081), with the following additional markings:
  -- Wide Orange-Yellow (FS13538) band across the tail rotor pylon.
  -- Between 1962 and 1965, Fluorescent Red Orange (FS28913) high-visibility markings were applied as follows: fuselage nose section, fuselage top section, tail rotor pylon (either full or from the Orange Yellow band upwards). From 1966 onwards, the Red Orange has disappeared from all "line" Seasprites (those serving in HU and HC squadrons that deployed on ships) and may have remained only on some of the shore station machines.
  -- Alternating diagonal stripes in red and yellow on one or both of the horizontal stabilizer planes – from 1965 onwards, on some machines only.
  -- Black anti-glare panel and "mask" around the front windows.
  -- Thin white outlines around the side windows on some machines – seek reference photos for your BuNo.
 - Wheel bay interior, main landing gear legs, wheel hubs: Insignia White (FS17875), most common by far, or Engine Grey – seek reference photos for your BuNo.
 - Tail landing gear leg: Engine Grey.
 - Antenna housings on the fuselage bottom: black, Radome Tan or Engine Grey – see my diagram for the most typical layout.
 - Engine exhaust pipe: dull steel / burnt metal.
 - Main rotor head and tail rotor head: Engine Grey (absolutely not "silver", as suggested by the kit's instruction).
 - Main rotor blades, top: Light Gull Grey (FS36440) with aluminum leading edge separated by a very clearly seen longitudinal black stripe.
 - Main rotor blades, bottom: black with aluminum leading edge.
 - Tail rotor blades, from hub to tip: red band, then black, then red, white and red stripes.
 - External fuel tanks: Insignia White or Engine Grey – seek reference photos for your BuNo.

It is worth noting that the U.S. Navy's Engine Grey is a "tricky" color. It looks quite differently under different lighting condition, and it appears that it also could change hue with weathering. Take a look at these historical photographs: photo 1, photo 2, photo 3, photo 4.
All these helicopters are absolutely standard and painted in the prescribed Engine Grey, although they look very differently due to lighting conditions and, possibly, due to different photographic film processing techniques.
Also note how on each of those photographs the Insignia Blue of the U.S. national insignia is invariably much darker than the Engine Grey of the helicopter fuselage. Which is as it should be – as opposed to the very light blue color that we see on the ClearProp's decal sheet (see, for example, here)

On my model, the national insignia decals came from a generic sheet by Techmod, while the rest of the markings are from generic Microscale decal sets. Only the small technical stenciling is used from the kit's decal.

3.3. Presentation

My small diorama is intended to replicate a generic fragment of a Forrestal-class carrier flight deck.

1) The flight deck surface is imitated with the use of sheet plastic, sandpaper and PE metal tie-down rings. 

2) The NC-1A mobile power unit is a kit produced by F4Models (cat. # 7006; long out of production). This purpose-built vehicle was a common sight on the U.S. carrier decks throughout the 1950s and 1960s.  

3) The flight deck crew figures came from several sources, such as Fujimi set #35001, Hasegawa set #X72-7 and Hasegawa F9F-8 kit. All of them underwent "plastic surgery".

 

4. Reference Data

[1] General information on the Kaman Seasprite in Wikipedia: link

[2] Picture galleries that contain some good historical photographs of the UH-2A/B variant: link and link  

[3] By browsing through the cruise books of the USN aircraft carriers available here, a thorough researcher will find quite a few historic photographs of the UH-2A/B variant. It's a hard work, but exciting and rewarding.

5. Notes 

5.1. Unfortunately, the Kaman Seasprite does not appear to be very popular among the aviation historians and writers: as of early 2022 (when I started this work), not a single book / monograph describing this versatile machine seemed to be available. For instance, there is a detailed 90-page book about the Bell HSL (a helicopter of no real significance, an abject failure), there are short but neat monographs on the Yakovlev Yak-24 and Kamov Ka-15/-18 (both little known and little used) – yet nothing dedicated to the Seasprite (208 built, in service for nearly 60 years and still counting).

Short articles in general reference books (e.g. "Illustrated Guide to Military Helicopters") and aviation magazines do exist. However, they do not usually spend more that a couple of lines on the early version of the Seasprite, concentrating instead on the SH-2F and G submarine hunters. So don't expect any service details, configuration notes, dimensions, drawings or photographs of the UH-2A/B in such books. Furthermore, you won't meet a single-engine Seasprite in any museum, and no walkaround-style photographs can be found. This is because, most probably, no single-engine Seasprites have survived: every frame was either converted to the later twin-engine version or lost in some accident.

Wikipedia article (already referenced above in section 4) offers a good overview of the Seasprite. Most of the other articles available on the Internet appear to repeat of rephrase the short excerpts from some of the general reference books, or simply to copy one another.

5.2. Like many aviation pioneers, Charles Kaman, the founder of Kaman Aircraft Corporation, strove to innovate. Although Kaman did not invent the intermeshing rotors, his helicopters utilizing this design were the first ones (and remain the only, as yet) to be in mass production and in successful operational service. As evaluation concepts, Kaman flew the world's first gas turbine powered helicopter (a modified K-225 model) and arguably the first unmanned helicopter. All of this is mentioned fairly often. But there is another innovation – not very important perhaps, but still curious – that appears to be forgotten: the Kaman UH-2A seems to be the first (and possibly the only) helicopter with a fully retractable rescue hoist (photo). Just like the retractable main landing gear, this feature was obviously incorporated to reduce drag. It did not survive for long, and the next variant of the Seasprite, the twin-engine UH-2C, was equipped with a conventional hoist, fixed externally. Yet the fact remains.

Grumman XF5F-1 Skyrocket Model

1. Introduction
1.1. Aircraft
Grumman XF5F-1 Skyrocket
Prototype carrier-based fighter (information in Wikipedia)
U.S. Navy. BuNo 1442.
Grumman factory, Bethpage, USA, 1940.

1.2. Story
The XF5F-1 is being prepared for yet another test flight at the Grumman factory airfield. Its pilot is already in the cockpit. A ground crewman is standing by, close to the factory's improvised fire engine, a Cushman scooter.

1.3. Model Kit

XF5F-1 Skyrocket from MPM (kit # 72022), 1:72 scale.

2. Kit Review
My detailed review of the MPM's kit is available here.

3. Construction
3.1. Building

Although the accuracy of the kit is more or less acceptable out of the box, it really lacks details and requires quite a lot of wok to get a realistically looking model. I have added the following fully scratch-built items:

 1) Landing gear well interior. This was "guessworked", as no historical photographs are available.
 2) Landing gear legs and struts. 
 3) Landing gear door interior and hinges.
 4) Propeller hubs.
 5) Instrument panel and cockpit interior.
 6) Fuselage downward-vision window.
 7) Catapult bridle hooks.
 8) Clear external lights, including:
   a) Clear white dorsal and rear navigation lights.
   b) Red and green navigation lights – two wingtip ones plus two on the upper wing surface.
   c) Landing light and approach light on the starboard wing.

Then, bringing the model to a "definitive" short-nose XF5F-1 version required the following modifications to be done:
 9) Fuselage-to-wing fillets added.
 10) Rudder hinge lines revised (from straight ones to stepped ones).
 11) One long side-mounted exhaust stack per engine replaced with 9 smaller exhaust stacks.
 12) Small air intakes removed from the engine cowlings' lower lips.

Finally, a bit of aftermarket had to be added.
 13) This came in the form of two resin R-1820 engines from a set by QuickBoost (# 72059). I know that, technically, these engines are of the "wrong" version, but anything would be better than the sad pieces of plastic that came with the kit.

3.2. Painting & Markings
The top surface of the wing is Chrome Yellow (note that the yellow overlaps the leading edge). A careful study of historical photographs will tell you that this machine had its fuselage painted in Aluminium color and not in Naval Aircraft Grey, as prescribed by the Navy's official directives. The rest of the airframe is also Aluminium. The national insignia decals came from a generic sheet by Techmod, and the identification number decals are from various leftovers.

3.3. Presentation

There is a couple of well-known historic photographs that show the XF5F-1 on the Grumman factory field, sitting on the concrete in front of a hangar, being readied for a flight. It is this setup that I decided to replicate. So my diorama base and the fragment of that hangar front face were scratch-built from sheet plastic in accordance with those photographs.

The seated pilot figure is from a set # 721120 made by PJ Productions. Despite the name of that set ("US Pilots Seated WW2"), the figures' headgear is totally wrong for the period. I had to find a new head, and that came from an excellent set of standing USN pilot figures produced by CMK of Czech Republic (# 72115). The ground crewman figure is from another good CMK set (# 72110).

Cushman delivery scooters customized as "very light" fire engines have been in use on the Grumman's factory field: see this historical photograph. I scratch-built this tiny vehicle and added it to my little diorama.

4. Reference Data

[1] General information on the XF5F in Wikipedia: link
[2] Grumman XF5F-1 & XP-50 Skyrocket | Naval Fighters Series # 31 | Ginter Books, 1995.
[3] Grumman F7F Tigercat | Monografie Lotnicze Series # 1 | AJ-Press, 1991.

North American T-2C Buckeye Model

1. Introduction

1.1. Aircraft

North American T-2C Buckeye

Carrier-capable jet training aircraft (information in Wikipedia)

U.S. Navy. BuNo 159726 / B340. VT-23 squadron.

NAS Kingsville, USA, 1982.

1.2. Story

A T-2C of Training Squadron 23 is being prepared for a routine training flight, with a ground crewman operating the NC-8A mobile power unit to start the Buckeye's engine.

1.3. Model Kit

T-2C Buckeye from Wolfpack Design (kit # 10005), 1:72 scale.

2. Kit Overview

The T-2C produced by Wolfpack Design from Korea is a very good kit. Its key features include very good overall accuracy, high quality of moulds and commendable level of out-of-the-box detail.

Yet there are some minor flaws that have to be addressed:

- The main wheel hubs are not especially accurate and the nose wheel is moulded as one piece with the gear leg, which is unrealistic.

- Unfortunately, no intake trunks are provided, and the fit between the intakes themselves and the fuselage is less than ideal.

- The joint between the wing and the fuselage is weak: the plastic tabs are too small and do nothing to provide the wing with the correct dihedral.

3. Construction

3.1. Building

This is the list of enhancements that I have added to what was in the box:

 1) Various fuselage inlets and vents were cut out (dark wash would not suffice to realistically imitate these, in my view), with interior imitated where visible through the larger ones.

 2) Instrument panels and ejection seats were detailed with the photo-etched metal set produced by Eduard (set #73534). The set is good, and it renders an expensive after-market resin cockpit unnecessary (the Eduard's PE set is not cheap either, but it helps to detail the whole of the airframe and not just the cockpit).

 3) Still, the interior area between the two seats needs more detailing: canopy lifting arm, canopy defrosting system piping and some electrical stuff at the back of the rear cockpit instrument panel were scratch-built.

 4) Instead of relying on very small plastic tabs, I installed a metal spar to ensure the firm attachment between the wings and the fuselage.

 5) Engine exhaust area was detailed with scratch-built metal tubes (I don't know their purpose but they are clearly seen on all T-2C photos).

 6) The nose landing gear leg was rebuilt, with scratch-built metal oleo, photo-etched scissor link and tie-down rings (Eduard) and resin wheel (ResKit set #72-0124).

 7) Main landing gear was similarly detailed with metal oleos, photo-etched scissor links and tie-down rings and resin wheels (ResKit).

 8) As usual, external lights require quite a lot of attention:

   a) clear landing light is fine out of the box;

   b) clear red ventral anti-collision light was scratch-built;

   c) carrier approach lights cluster, located on the port wing leading edge, had to be scratch-built too;

   d) and the clear red anti-collision light, very prominently located at the vertical stabilizer leading edge, also had to be scratch-built;

   e) scratch-built clear white navigation light was added to the vertical stabilizer fairing;

   f) two navigation light cluster on each of the wingtip tanks are the most complicated of all: when you look at the photos of the real thing very closely, you can see that (for whatever reason) each of the two clusters contains two lights – green and red; the items are very small, so I tried to imitate this feature as best as I could.

 9) Some scratch-built details were added to wingtip tanks: fuel level check windows; fuel dump outlets at their aft ends.

 10) Scratch-built fuel dump pipe was added to the vertical stabilizer fairing.

 11) The Buckeye possesses an unusually perforated tailhook. Assembling the Eduard's photo-etched parts is tricky, but the effect is worth the effort.

 12) Scratch-built "bulges" (antennae?) added to the intake lips.

Flaps are in neutral position and speed brakes are, of course, closed, as it must be on a parked Buckeye in normal conditions.

3.2. Painting & Markings

My Buckeye model carriers the International Orange over Insignia White camouflage scheme, typical for the Navy's training aircraft of the period. Miscellaneous markings are all done in accordance with historical photographs and include jet intake lips, wing tanks inner sections, anti-glare panel and canopy "mask" painted black, and landing gear door edges painted Insignia Red.

The Wolfpack kit provides nice decals. However, I wanted to have a smart-looking black-masked aircraft of VT-23, and therefore I used a couple of items from the Two Bobs decal # 72089 sheet (obtained a long time ago when the only available Buckeye kit was the elderly Matchbox, with fatally "yellowed" decals), and some from a generic decal sheet produced by Techmod.

3.3. Presentation

The presentation of this model is very simple; it includes the following:

 1) The diorama base is sheet plastic, painted by myself in accordance with historical photographs of the Buckeyes seen on the ramp of NAS Kingsville.

 2) The NC-8A mobile power unit is a kit produced by F4Models (cat. # 7025). This purpose-built land-based vehicle, designed to provide external electric power to aircraft for pre-flight or maintenance purposes, was in service with the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps from the early 1970s until the late 1990s and powered many types of aircraft, including the T-2 Buckeye.

 3) The ground crewman figure came from a CMK set (# 72117).

 4) A hand-held or a cart-mounted fire extinguisher is a common sight on any Naval Air Station. Photographs of NAS Kingsville indicate that there the fire extinguishers were kept in small wire-mesh boxes. The box is scratch-built, while the fire extinguisher is from Aerobonus set (# 720013).

4. Reference Data

[1] Basic information on the T-2 Buckeye in Wikipedia: link, including a good set of historical photographs: link.

[2] North American T-2 Buckeye | Naval Fighters Series # 15 | Ginter Books, 1987.

[3] More galleries with good historical photographs of the U.S. Navy T-2 Buckeyes: link, link.

5. Notes

5.1. In the main text, I said that the Wolfpack kit tabs for attaching the wings to the fuselage are weak. But at least they exist. Whereas on virtually every 1:72 scale plastic airplane model kit produced in the Czech Republic (excepting kits coming from Eduard) there is no provision whatsoever to attach the wing & horizontal stabilizer to the fuselage. I wonder why is this so? What exactly is so deficient in the technology being used by most of the Czech firms that prevents them from making an opening in the fuselage and a corresponding protruding tab on the other part, so that a modeller is not forced to resort to guesswork and scratchbuilding in such a basic operation as a wing / horizontal stabilizer to fuselage joint?

Don't get me wrong, I like model kits made in Czech Republic: they tackle many exotic and lesser known subjects, a number of their model kits are quite accurate, and some are very well detailed. But why can't they do this seemingly very simple thing? It is all the more puzzling because other types of openings – such as fuselage windows, inlets and exhausts, landing gear bay cutouts – are somehow "allowed" by their technology, as can be clearly seen on my comparison photo.

Vought F5U-1N Model

1. Introduction
1.1. Aircraft
Vought F5U-1N

Hypothetical operational fighter variant of an experimental aircraft of unconventional design (information in Wikipedia)
U.S. Marine Corps. VMF(N)-513 squadron.
Republic of Korea, 1950..51.

1.2. Story
The hypothesis behind my model (and attendant diorama) is as follows. Let us suppose that the XF5U-1 did manage to make its first flight in early 1947, before the project cancellation directive from the Navy, and its performance was sufficiently promising for the Navy to place a small order with Vought. The testing was hastened, the teething problems were addressed, and the weirdly-shaped little airplane went into serial production as the F5U-1 day- and F5U-1N night-fighter. By that time the Navy was convinced that it didn't need its escort carriers (whose shorter flight decks the F5U was intended for) anymore and was more interested in jets, but the excellent STOL characteristics of the F5U have made it appealing to the Marines, who were supposed to be able to operate from rough and inevitably short airstrips near their landing beaches. Thus (just as it was in real life with other aircraft types ordered but not really wanted by the Navy) the whole batch of produced F5Us was handed over to the Marine Corps Aviation. Once there, some found their way into the night fighter squadron 513 (VMF(N)-513), which was already operating a mix of different types, and then went on to serve in the Korean War.
My small diorama shows a VMF(N)-513 machine waiting for some maintenance on a field base somewhere in the Republic of Korea.

1.3. Model Kit
XF5U-1 from Hasegawa (kit # 51563 / SP63), 1:72 scale.

2. Kit Overview
My detailed review of this kit is available here.

3. Construction
3.1. Building

The enhancements that I have added to what was in the box can be divided into three categories. Firstly, we have to improve upon the minor shortcomings of the kit and to add some of the details that can be seen on the existing photographs of the XF5U-1:
 1) The kit's landing gear wells are too shallow: the wheels do not fit inside. Therefore all three wheel wells were deepened.
 2) Landing gear legs got better detailing: oleos, brake lines (thin wire), scissor links and tie-down rings (photo-etched metal).
 3) Main wheels hubs were replaced with custom-made PE metal item for better accuracy.
 4) Engine cooling air exit flaps, scratch-built from metal foil, are modelled in the open position.
 5) Prominent balance weights on the elevons (which Vought called "ailavators") were scratch-built, as the kit's items are too thick scale-wise.
 6) Scratch-built elevon trim tab hinges and actuators from thin metal replaced the kit't overly thick items.
 7) Ventral wire aerial was imitated, as usual, with stretched plastic.
 8) Clear external lights added, including:
   a) Clear white dorsal, ventral and rear navigation lights.
   b) Red and green navigation lights on the port and starboard elevons.
   c) Circular blue formation lights on both elevons, upper and lower sides.

Secondly, some guesswork is inevitably required to detail those areas for which no historical photographs are available:
 9) A number of "guessworked" details were added to the landing gear well interior, including the landing gear door actuators.
 10) I have fashioned the cockpit interior using some "quotes" from another Vought product – the F4U-5N Corsair. As for the instrument panel, I have designed it basing on the drawings from source [2], and had it custom-made in photo-etched metal.

Lastly, I've made a number of modification to make the model look like a hypothetical operational fighter:
 11) Scratch-built pilot ejection seat was added to the cockpit; its design was inspired by the Vought ejection seat installed in their F6U-1 Pirate (see more on my rationale in the Notes section).
 12) Vought's initial design provided for a fixed armament of either six 12.7mm machine guns or four 20mm guns. Considering the armament of the Navy's other front-line fighters of the period, the operational F5U would have certainly had the 20mm cannons, not the machine guns. I have installed the barrels made of thin syringe tubes, but – being in deep recesses – they are not visible on the finished model.
 13) Obviously, a gunsight was also needed. I have scratch-built one, again taking the F4U-5N Corsair as a reference.
 14) Vought's design provided for two hard points under the central fuselage. I decided that my model will carry one standard 150 gallon external fuel tank. The basic plastic parts were "donated" by the ancient Bearcat kit from Novo, and then some scratch-built details were added to make the tank more accurate.
 15) Another hard point on my model is occupied by the AN/APS-4 radar pod (see more on my rationale in the Notes section). This item I had to create from scratch.
 16) I don't think that the clear nose cone, seen on the XF5U-1 prototype, is functional; it does not make much sense on an operational fighter. So I had it painted over, with clear windows left for the landing light and the gun camera that were housed under the nose cone according to sources [2] & [3].

This is the first model where I have, mostly for the sake of amusement, counted all of the parts. Here is the result:
- The Hasegawa kit contained 75 parts, of which I have used 45.
- 6 photo-etched metal items were custom-made for this model.
- Another 57 parts were obtained from my box of spares; this mostly included various small items from surplus photo-etched metal detail sets, but also some unused plastic parts from my old model kits.
- Conversely, only 2 parts from ready-made aftermarket sets have found their way into this model (clear navigation lights).
- Finally, a total of 186 parts were entirely scratch-made, using plastic, metal wire, metal foil and paper.
This gives the grand total of 296.

3.2. Painting & Markings
The camouflage scheme is straightforward: for the period, it is Sea Blue overall. However, as we do not know how the various internal areas of a hypothetical operational F5U would have been painted, I decided to use the its stablemate, the Vought F4U-5 Corsair, as an analogy: these birds would have been is service during more or less the same timeframe. Therefore, on my model,
- Instrument panel and side consoles are flat black.
- Cockpit interior (including the area beneath the canopy), landing gear well interior and landing gear door inner sides are Interior Green.
- Landing gear legs and wheel hubs are Sea Blue.
Photographs of VMF(N)-513 F4U-5Ns helped me to define the set of markings and their fonts. But considering the F5U's unconventional shape, the placement of markings is, of course, different. In this case, a much later Vought F7U-3 Cutlass could serve as a partial analogy: just as the F5U, it did not have anything in the way of aft fuselage sides, and so the service name and the squadron designation went onto the vertical stabilizers below the tail codes, while the Bureau number and aircraft type text block was put onto the forward fuselage.
All of my markings decals were custom-printed, while the national insignia decals came from a generic decal sheet produced by Techmod.

3.3. Presentation
1) My small diorama is intended to replicate a fragment of the pierced-steel planking (PSP) airfield surface, typical for the U.S. air bases in the Republic of Korea. The base came from Eduard and was trimmed a little bit.
2) I have added several ground support equipment items, the presence of which on the Marine Corps air bases in the theater is confirmed by historical photographs. These include a manually operated maintenance crane, a maintenance platform, wheel chocks, a tool box and a fire extinguisher. The fire extinguisher comes from Aires/AeroBonus (set #720013); the rest of the items I have designed myself and had them custom-made in photo-etched metal.
3) The ground crewmen figures came from Hasegawa (set #X72-6) and Matchbox (from their old P-70 kit).

4. Reference Data
[1] Basic information on the XF5U in Wikipedia: link
[2] Chance-Vought V-173 and XF5U-1 Flying Pancakes | Naval Fighters Series # 21 | Ginter Books, 1992
[3] XF5U-1 Illustrated Assembly Breakdown | Chance Vought Aircraft, 1945
[4] I do not pretend to author the idea of giving a hypothetical operational F5U to the Marines of the VMF(N)-513: this model build article has served as an inspiration.

5. Notes
5.1. The XF5U-1 had a conventional pilot seat, and that was acceptable for a prototype. For an operational F5U, however, an ejection seat would have been a must: given the F5U's peculiar shape, the pilot would have had practically no chance to survive a conventional egress in an emergency. In the late 1940s, many aircraft manufacturers worked on their own variants of ejection seats (here's a reminder: the first ever aircraft equipped with an ejection seat, the Heinkel He 280, flew in September 1940, and the first operational aircraft to have an ejection seat, the Heinkel He 219, entered service in 1943), and Vought was no exception: their F6U Pirate jet fighter, first flown in October 1946, had a Vought-designed ejection seat. I hypothesized that the operational F5U, as it would have been in development during the same timeframe as the Pirate, would have had a similar ejection seat.

5.2. Since the later half of the World War II and until the mid-1950s the externally mounted AN/APS-4 radar pod was seen on many Naval aircraft types. These include F6F-3E and -5E Hellcat; TBM-3 Avenger (-3E, -3N, -3Q, -3S variants); SB2C-3..-5 Helldiver; SC-1 Seahawk; AM-1 Mauler and AD-1...4 Skyraider. Obviously, this radar pod was very adaptable, and it was in considerable demand in the years before the widespread adoption of internally mounted radars. There are also enough photographs to confirm that the AN/APS-4 was used operationally on the AD Skyraider during the Korean War. Therefore, I saw no reason why my hypothetical operational F5U-1N couldn't be equipped with this radar pod.
Interestingly, on many aircraft of the types I am listing above the radar pods were white, even though the airframes themselves were Sea Blue overall. On my model I am replicating this painting curiosity as well.
When building my model, I had hopes to source the radar pod from some of the old kits in my possession. This didn't work, though: while two of my old kits – the Airfix SB2C Helldiver and the Ace AM-1 Mauler – did have the pod, both of the items in question were oversized. Thus I had to resort to scratch-building.

5.3. Just as most aircraft do, the weird-shaped Vought F5U has a collection of external lights: the navigation lights, the position / formation lights and the landing light. And, as it is customary with practically all aircraft kits in the 1:72 scale, the model kit manufacturer provides no clear parts to imitate the said lights. For a long time, the "common wisdom" of scale aircraft modelling has been to paint the respective areas of the plastic parts clear red or clear green over silver and leave it at that. But to me, this approach is unsatisfactory: whatever the paint color, a solid piece of plastic will never be a realistic imitation of transparent plexiglas cap that covers a lighting fixture. Therefore, I always try to take the trouble to scratch-build (or source, if appropriate aftermarket items can be found) the transparent shapes to imitate the lights. I think that this small selection of photo fragments of my previous models gives a decent proof that it's worth the effort.

5.4. It is very sad to see how Hasegawa is virtually abandoning the segment of aircraft model kits. Once, Hasegawa was a byword for quality and finesse. Their aircraft kits were prized and treasured, and many have held the distinction of being "the very best of" a given subject for many years.

Quality is still present in their kits, but there does not seem to be any progress. Their newest kits do not offer any visible improvement in terms of detail, finesse and engineering over those dating from the 1980s or the 1990s. Other manufacturers (from such diverse countries as Czechia, Poland, UK, PRC, Russia, Ukraine) are now way ahead of Hasegawa.

And quantities decline too: during the last two decades, since 2000 till 2020, Hasegawa has released just 16 new tooled 1:72 scale aircraft kits, whereas Airfix, for instance, has released 61 during the same period. 

These days Hasegawa regularly releases cars, fantasy/anime subjects and female figures – presumably, to cater for their local market. When it comes to aircraft kits, what we mostly see are just re-releases of some of their old kits with new decals.